Healthy Child Development Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Healthy Child Development Essay, Research Paper The Concept of Healthy Child Development Most health professionals try to be the perfect parent and aspire to raise the perfect, all-around kid. Caregivers want a kid to be healthy, lovingness, and responsible. Healthy kid development plays a major function in how a kid turns out. There are many facets of a kid s development. The different facets include the primary health professional, school, religious counsel, societal environment, and the function of telecasting, picture, and computing machines. All these things play an of import portion in a kid s development. The primary health professional has many different functions in a kid s life. They have different occupations to carry through. Primary health professionals provide support and boundaries. They are able to pass on efficaciously with the kid, and they are a positive function theoretical account in that kid s life. The primary health professional needs to do a kid feel as if they are supported in many different ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Child Development Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A kid should experience that they are encouraged in their school by the parent. Parental engagement in the school is a positive image for childs. If their health professionals care about what they are making in school, so most likely so will the kid. The primary health professional should give assurance in the activities that a kid is involved in. Activities are of import for kids. It gives them something to make, and it keeps them active. It s better than allowing them sit in forepart of the telecasting all twenty-four hours. The primary health professional should promote this sort of activity. It promotes a healthier life style for the kid. Communication between a kid and the primary health professional is highly of import. A kid should experience like they can speak to their health professional without being looked down upon. They should be able to seek advice and advocate from their primary health professional. The communicating between the primary health professional and the kid should be more positive than negative. If it is negative, the kid may experience like he/she can non speak to the primary health professional any longer. Helping kids communicate and accept their feelings may take to more positive behaviour. If kids feel that they can speak to grownups about anything, they will be more likely to describe incidents of racism, bias, and abuse. If kids feel that they will let down or anger the primary health professional by stating them something, they will be more inclined to maintain it to themselves. Bing able to pass on efficaciously is something kids will utilize and benefit from throughout their lives. There are many different attacks that a primary health professional can take to pass on efficaciously with their kid. The primary health professional demands to open the doors to communicating by speaking respectfully to their kid. A kid may hold a different manner of looking at things than the primary health professional. Work together to come to an understanding or solution. This will give the kid a opportunity to be originative and helpful in the procedure. The kid will besides be more willing to collaborate with the primary health professional in this manner. Active hearing is an highly of import facet to communicating. This shows that a individual non merely heard, but besides understood what the kid was speaking about. Keep your ideas and emotions out of the procedure and concentrate on the kid. A primary health professional must be willing to listen, aid, accept a kid s manner of thought and non be afraid of the strength of it, trust that the kid can manage his/her jobs and feelings, and let him/her to be responsible for them, and remain unfastened to altering your head. Boundaries need to be set in a kid s life. Children demand regulations, effects to the regulations, and consistence with the regulations and follow through. This is the primary health professionals duty. Establishing household land regulations is an first-class manner to put bounds for a kid. The regulations should be clear, simple, and small in figure. When making regulations, focal point on positive messages that teach a kid values. For illustration, we keep a clean house by picking up our ain things. Use the household regulations to steer the kid toward the ends the primary health professional has for him/her, to do things work swimmingly, to maintain him/her safe, and to assist everyone to esteem each other s demands. A kid, who goes through life with no regulations, will turn up to be an grownup who doesn T respect authorization. They will non be able to work really good in the existent universe. Children need an grownup function theoretical account in their life. The primary health professional is a major function theoretical account in a kid s life. The health professional needs to demo positive behaviour and duty. This will enable a kid to turn up with cognition of how to move towards others in their life. The primary health professional needs to retrieve that kids imitate what they see. Show the kid what responsible adults expression like by practising duty. Supplying the kid with chances to pattern duty is the occupation of the primary health professional. It is besides of import for the primary health professional to accept duty for their actions. When doing a error admit it and state the kid how it could hold been handled better. Help the kid learn from their errors by supplying a respectful and learning environment. Remember that actions speak louder than words. Teach kids with actions. A primary health professional may be stating him/her to make one thing, but if they do another, so that s what he/she will pick up on. A kid will larn best from experience, so look for ways in mundane life to demo him/her what duty and caring expression like. The school is another of import facet of a kid s healthy development. Children need a positive environment that builds self-esteem and encourages him/her to make good. They besides need boundaries within the school. Clear regulations need to be set for the school, and they need to be enforced systematically. If one instructor is stating the pupil one thing, and another instructor is stating him/her another, that is giving the kid assorted messages and the kid will non cognize what to make. They will rapidly larn which teacher will allow them acquire off with what. Communication between the instructor and primary health professional is highly of import. Both health professional and instructor must recognize that each has different positions about the kid, but they need to work toge ther in one common end. That is, to do certain that the kid is acquiring the proper instruction that he/she demands to be successful in life. The primary health professional should avoid faulting the instructor for their kid s unsuccessful advancement in the schoolroom. This will learn the kid to fault others and avoid taking duty for their jobs. The chief lesson learned in school is how to acquire along in the universe. The school needs to do a topic interesting so that it has significance for the kid, and the kid will desire to larn and retrieve the information for the remainder of his/her life. They besides need to understand each kid in order to assist each kid to get the better of weak points and develop into a all-around individual. Spirituality is an component of childhood that frequently gets unmarked. But this is valuable to a kid s healthy development. Primary health professionals who encourage their kids s spiritualty teach them how to acquire along with others and how to cover with feelings in an environment where the human spirit is connected and supported. This will learn childs they can turn up and take attention of themselves and be responsible to the people they love. Spiritualty Teachs us that what is of import is on the interior. This is an first-class virtuousness to transfuse in a kid. They need to cognize that what they feel on the interior is of import and that it is all right to allow those feelings out. A kid needs to larn that maintaining their feelings bottled up will finally take to suicide. Turning inward is a basic constituent of many faiths. Meditation, supplication, and intoning all are tools to hush the head. Supplying a quiet environment will promote a kid to hold some quiet minutes. A primary health professional can weave chances to speak about deeper issues into mundane modus operandis at place. One easy method is taking books that trade with religious issues. Traditional folk tales and fairy tales frequently contain common instructions found in universe faiths. Books give parents the opportunity to speak about the power of unselfish love in ways a kid can understand. A kid s societal environment is of import to a healthy development. The societal environment consists of playfellows or friends, the vicinity and community in which you live, and the after school or in-school athleticss and activities. All these things have an impact on the development of a healthy kid. A kid s playmates or friends have a profound impact on a kid. Peer force per unit area is a really important subscriber for our kids all the manner through childhood. Peers influence values, involvements, and the manner a kid dresses. The manner that it affects your kid is whether or non the influence is good or bad. Positive equal influences are from those friends who model responsible behaviour. If a kid is hanging around these types of childs, so most likely he/she will be more responsible besides. The type of influence besides depends on the type of group that a kid is about. A kid is in many different groups including at school, on the resort area, in the vicinity, at church, etc. Each different group has different features to it. A kid should experience safe within their vicinity or community. They need to experience a sense that they are valued and appreciated in the community. A kid can experience this by being given utile functions in the community. The vicinity should lend to a kid s since of security by supervising the kid s behaviour when he/she is out in the vicinity. The neighbours should be caring towards a kid. After school activities are of import in a kid s life. They give the kid an chance to spread out their skylines and seek different things. It will give them a sense of belonging to a group. Activities will besides maintain them from acquiring into problem. Sports direction besides gives them needed exercising. It besides teaches them how to collaborate and work with others. The function of telecasting, picture, and computing machines are an of import portion of our civilization and should be used sagely. Depending on how you are utilizing these things determines how it affects your kid. Children benefit more from individual to individual interaction than screen clip. Excessively much screen clip can take away from the clip that kids spend in drama and other activities that aid kids develop linguistic communication, societal, thought, and motor accomplishments. Violence on telecasting is a major issue with kids today. Make non presume that because a plan, picture, picture game, or package merchandise is labeled for kids that it is non violent or chilling. Saturday forenoon sketchs contain more Acts of the Apostless of force than premier clip shows for grownups. Heavy exposure to force on telecasting is harmful to kids, can reenforce negative values, and poses several hazards. Children exposed to a batch of force learn to be less sensitive to the hurting of others or may go immune to the images of force. They besides easy learn to accept force as a manner to work out jobs, imitate force, and go more fearful of the universe. Primary health professionals need to find which plans, games, etc. are appropriate for their kid. Wisely chosen, these things can supply larning experiences, merriment, and a positive influence for kids. Health professionals should restrict the sum of clip spent watching a telecasting or computing machine screen. They should besides supervise what their kid is watching or playing. Evaluate picture games before purchasing them, or seeking out the game before allowing a kid drama it is good. When the kid is on the Internet make certain that they have guidelines that they need to follow. A kid should non be utilizing the Internet while the primary health professional is off. For telecasting screening there is the new v-chip that allows people to barricade programming from their Television sets. It can barricade all shows with a Television evaluation that is chosen from the Television evaluations system. What a kid learns during their childhood is reflected in their maturity. Healthy development of a kid depends on what they learn and their experiences. The primary health professional, school, religious counsel, societal environment, and the function of telecasting, picture, and computing machines all contribute to a kid s healthy development. This part can be bad or good. The healthy development of a kid leads to a lovingness, healthy, and responsible person.

Qualitative Research Article Critique.

Qualitative Research Article Critique. Qualitative research is "the investigation of phenomena, typically in an in-depth and holistic fashion, through the collection of rich narrative materials using a flexible research design" (Polit, Beck, and Hungler, 2001, p 469). Qualitative researchers focus on the descriptions and deeper meaning associated with the data collected. Another way to define qualitative research is to describe it as a type of research that involves interpreting non-numerical data. The next few pages will discuss the qualitative study report, "Having an Abortion Using Mifepristone and Home Misoprostol: A Qualitative Analysis of Women's Experiences.The Problem.In health care, it is important that the research data used to support clinical practices is legitimate. "Women faced with an unwanted pregnancy have to make the decision whether to terminate the pregnancy or carry to pregnancy to term. Women base their decision to have an abortion on their current life setting, even though having an abortion may con flict with their moral or religious beliefs"(Fielding, Edmunds, Schaff, 2002).Corn field, Ga.? (LOC)Regardless of their values and beliefs the decision is often difficult: many experience guilt, anger, anxiety, and fear (Fielding, et al, 2002).The option of aborting the fetus by using medication instead of surgery is currently undergoing testing for efficacy and the effects on the emotional and physical well-being of the women involved. According to Fielding, et al (2002), women choose medical over surgical abortion because it is more natural, more private and less painful. The researchers wanted to understand whether women's perceptions change during the medical abortion process versus the surgical process.Importance to Nursing.Nurses are the first in line to advocate for patients and their rights to receive quality health care services and to have adequate education in order to make appropriate decisions regarding personal health care choices. Learning whether women are concerne d about a...

Marketing Ying Yang iPhone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Ying Yang iPhone - Essay Example Hence, it has a wider market target. This paper will seek to market the Ying Yang iPhone to small business and other target segments. In doing this it will address itself to the listed market aspects as well as the Ying Yang iPhone SWOT analysis. The Ying Yang iPhone will considerably, but not exclusively, target small businesspersons and consumers who want to communicate and get entertained at the same time. Currently the market for this phone is relatively small because it is new in the market and is not available in all countries. The high cost of the phone is also another limiting factor to the market penetration of this classy phone. However, its strengths and opportunities coupled with a good market plan will ensure that this product penetrates the market. The Ying Yang iPhone target segments will consist of small entrepreneurs, medical users, professionals, students, and other probable users. However, as technology advances and competition rises from other smart phones, there is need to increase demand and expand the target segments. To achieve this we will seek to differentiate the Ying Yang iPhone from other PDA’s on the market as well as collaborating with large cell phone service providers and large enterprise software firms (Maxwell et al Web). This will effectively reduce the costs in marketing and increase sales turnover. This will ensure that the phone is available in the market for corporations, entrepreneurs, and small business owners. By differentiating the product from other possible competitors, we will position and promote the Ying Yang iPhone as a value-added and more convenient product for both personal and business use (Maxwell et al Web). In addition, we will package the phone in a beautiful pack for advertisement purposes. A full year warranty on the product will be given to attract more customers. We will use the iPhone business brand name for businesspeople in marketing Ying Yang iPhone (Maxwell et al Web). We will also divers ify the product into different levels of affordability and for special seasons. This will ensure that a wide range of Ying Yang iPhones is available and affordable. It will also serve the purpose of product-person attraction hence increasing sales. Regarding the pricing of the product, we will consider introducing the cheaper less advanced and the expensive more advanced Ying yang iPhone to accommodate the purchasing power of all consumers. However, in due time, we may consider lowering the price to quickly establish a market dominance that lacks now. In distributing the product, clear logistics are very important. We will focus on rollouts worldwide at all reputable retailers online and cellular phone providers. This will make sure that the product is available with all phone providers and online marketers. We will collaborate with major electronics retailers and Apple to provide product demonstrations in an eye-catching manner. We will additionally put a good number of products on display to lure customers. Consequently we will use the social media, E-mail marketing, Application updates, blog reviews, joining newsgroups and online forums to advertise the product (Maxwell et al Web). This is sure way of marketing the product to our online friends who will in turn market it to their friend, hence creating a marketing network that will promote the product sales. Press release on major

Ethan frome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethan frome - Essay Example This problem is evident in the character of Ethan in the movie. He is vocal about his feelings in the movie as compared to the book. He rarely interacts with Mattie in the novel, but in the movie, their style of conversation is active and noticeable. The kitchen scene is the key to understand this difference. In the movie, from the beginning Ethan is quite vocal and expressive about his feelings to Mattie but in the book there exists a studied silence between the two. The other incidental difference in the kitchen scene is, in the movie the cat breaks Zeena’s dish; in the book Mattie breaks it. In the movie the character of Ethan is not as pivotal as it is in the book. In the book, the beginning and end are constructed from the point of view of the narrator, and Ethan’s actions figure prominently and his view on life pervades through the story. In the first scene in the movie the narrator arrives at Starkfield as a Minister and sees Ethan in the train station; in the book the story begins in a post office and Ethan picks up a package; there is no Minister in the book. Ethan is an entirely different personality in the movie. His communication with Mattie is shown in a different wavelength as compared to the book. His disposition with the people of Starkfield is also different. About the interaction of the people with Ethan Edith Wharton writes, â€Å"Everyone in Starkfield knew him and gave him a greeting tempered to his own grave mien; but his taciturnity was respected and it was only on rare occasions that one of the older men of the place detained him for a word.†(5)He prefers silence with them as per the depiction of his personality in the book, and in the movie he is quite vocal expressing his opinions with the bystanders who look upon him with curiosity kindled. The support to Ethan comes from different point of views in the novel

Research paper about famous photographer Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About famous photographer - Research Paper Example He started working with Mathew Brady after making contacts with him, for six years. Brady’s eyes developed problems and failed him; therefore Alexander had to do most of the work. Gardner was then given the role of being in charge of the Brady’s gallery in 1856. During the elections which made Abraham Lincoln the American president, and war that came after the elections, Gardner was keen on capturing all the photographs. He took pictures of soldiers going to war and all the photographs of the civil war. Gardner wanted to deliver Brady’s ideas to Lincoln so he initiated a relationship with Allan Pinkerton, who headed an intelligence operation. Gardner was then made the chief photographer by Allan. After this job, the commander of the Army of the Potomac, General George B. McClellan, appointed Gardner the staff photographer. This appointment then ended Gardner’s job as the manager of Brady’s gallery. Alexander Gardner took photographs of the battle of Antietam and was then given the rank of captain in 1962. He later lost his job as chief army photographer, after McClellan was dismissed by Lincoln from command of the Potomac Army. This was also the time when Gardner ended his working relationship with Brady. The main reason why Gardner terminated his working relationship with Brady was because Brady always attributed the work of Gardner as â€Å"photographed by Brady†. This gave more credit to Brady and very little recognition for Gardner. Later during that winter, Alexander Gardner went with Ambrose Burnside to the Battle of Fredericksburg to take photographs of the battle. His historic photographs during that battle explained the pain that the soldiers went though. Gardner started a studio with his brother in 1963, in Washington D C, where he employed most of the people who worked for Brady. He then took photographs of the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 and the Siege of Petersburg in 1864-1865. The Gardner’s Photogr aphic Sketch Book of the Civil War, which contained two volumes, was published but it did not sell as expected. Some of the photographs in the book were not taken by Gardner. He owned the studio so all the work produced was credited to him. Gardener had taken photographs of Lincoln as well as his conspirators in his assassination. He took ten photographs during the hanging of the men who conspired to assassinate Lincoln. The first photograph was of the soldiers and reporters who were gathered to witness the execution. In this photograph, guards together with the prisoners are seen at the platform. Three conspirators are seated while one is standing. The third photograph showed General Hartranft as he was reading the order of execution to the people assembled as well as the prisoners. The fourth photograph showed the ministers praying for the prisoners who would be executed. The fifth photograph was of the prisoners being tied to the ropes and the crowd is still gathered. In the sixt h photograph, Gardner captured the prisoners’ bodies immediately after they were let to drop. This was the moment when the prisoners died. Gardner took two more photographs of the bodies, twenty five minutes later after they were executed. The last two photographs showed the graves that had been dug next to the scaffold, and a rooftop view of the execution, with the bodies still hanging. He took

Achieving Competitive Advantage Through Is Information Technology Essay

Achieving Competitive Advantage Through Is Information Technology Essay What are the identified problems, issues and short comings in addition to above two areas of studies how can Srilankan Airlines achieve competitive advantage by changing the effectiveness in their management system using IS/IT? 5.0 Background Information System and Information Technology (IS/IT) has become the core feature for many business successes in the globe. IT applications are mostly used to help organizations to do its day to day work and to gain competitive advantage while reducing competitive disadvantage and to meet other business objectives which organizations need. According to Ross and Fenny (1999), in the mid of 1980s, they have identified the IS/IT as a key weapon which helps to achieve the competitive advantage for any organization. Also Ward and Daniel (2006) has stated in their book of Benefits Management that in the last four decades there was a huge IS/IT requirement for organizations to meet its requirement to achieve the competitive advantage. Furthermore Ward and Daniel (2006), mentioned that with the early stage of IS/IT adoption helps to automate some routine activities to reduce the efficiency and reduce the cost while delivering a good operational process with a good product. According to Croteau and Bergeron (2001); Kearns and Lederer (2000); Zhang and Lado (2001) cited in Garg, Joubert and Pellissier (2005) p.33, mentioned that applications which are support to achieve the competitive advantage referred to as the strategic management information technology and it helps to achieve the best business performance for the organizations. According to Burn and Martinsons (1997); Ho (1992); Wiseman (cited in Henry and Pun (2000), stated that it is possible to accomplish the competitiveness of companies by using new opportunities which offered to the firm by strategic information systems. Buhalis (2004), has mentioned in his research paper about e-airlines, that airlines have been investing heavily for Information Communication Technology since the 1950s and they have used the IS/IT as a competitive tool to achieve their business targets. Also he has mentioned some examples that, in 1962, the American Airlines introduced its SABER computer reservation systems as an alternative solution for their previous manual data entering system expanding its Boeing fleet by 50%. According to the 12.manage.com website, with the huge business growth the IS/IT has given more impact to those businesses and mean while there is a huge development in IS/IT systems. Strategic planning helps the organizations to identify their IS application and its Information Technology which support to gain the competitive advantage over other competitors. Strategic planning is a tool which support for the organizing part for the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future. Information technologies are increasingly regarded as strategic resources of an organization. Indeed it is a potential use of IS/IT as a competitive weapon has become a popular clichà ©. Also the Management play an important part of an organization. Its main role is to unite people together in order to accomplish achievable goals. Management mobilize or allocate resources to different department like Human resource, Finance, IT department, etc. and organize these resources in such a way that organizational strategic goals are accomplished easily in the long run. Management also takes vital part in planning, organizing, leading and controlling. It gives direction, aligns and achieves organization goals with available resources. As shown in the allbusiness.com website, there are three different types of levels available in management hierarchy. Those are categorized as strategic, tactical and operational. To get the maximum benefit out of the company business intelligence, the organization needs to have all three levels strategic, tactical and operational working in conjunction with one another. According to Steiner (1979), in the role of management scenario, mainly the strategic level is more important and it is the highest level and usually done by senior management level. Basically the decisions on the objectives, committing money, employee and time are done within this strategic level. Tactical planning level it does the implementation of the strategic plan stages such as combine the available resources and review alternatives. Within the operational level, it is much more detailed of strategic and tactical levels. In this level the managers chosen to work the plan develop a specific plan to execute the strategic plan. Therefore the management role and the IS/IT strategies are playing a huge role to gain the competitive advantage. As stated in Srilankan Airlines annual report (2009), their IT division involving and giving huge support role to all departments in the Srilankan Airline during a year of multiple changes. Srilanka Airlines IT department is an independent department within the organization. Therefore it is an entity as a part of the process to align all divisions with the corporate strategy in an IT perspective and it is helping the entire organization to benefit from modern technology and improve their processes and productivity while gaining competitive advantage. However according to Porter (Cited in Clarke 2001) p.114, mentioned that, he has proposed to gain the competitive advantage; the firm must be based on one of three generic strategies. Those are categorized as differentiation, cost leadership and the focus. Considering the Porters differentiation strategy, the Srilankan Airlines has provided greater customer convenience through check-in facilities on mobiles was completed. This mobile fac ility is mainly focuses on the Srilankan Airlines customers. Comparing with other airlines, the Srilankan Airline has been using the differentiation strategy in their organization. Therefore further investigation is required to identify whether the role of management involvement is really beneficial to achieve the competitive advantage using IS/IT or not. Considering all these general factors which mentioned in the above paragraphs, it is clear that role of management involvement and IS/IT involvement are the main key factors of gaining competitive advantage for any organization. Therefore this research is carried out to find whether the same concepts which have been described in above paragraphs can apply to the Srilankan Airlines to achieve competitive advantage while comparing with the general findings. 6.0 Literature Review 6.1 Introduction IS/IT have revolutionized the entire business world. So far the organizations derive the competitive advantage applying technology to their industry. Mostly the competency will be changeable among the competitors base on their IT usage and the involvement of role of management. The airline industry in particular has fostered a dependency on IS/IT for their operational and strategic management. Airlines were early adopters of Information Systems Information Technology and have a long history of technological innovation, in comparison to many other business industries. (Buhalis 2004). IT applications are mostly used to help organizations to its day to day work and to gain competitive advantage while reducing competitive disadvantage and to meet other business objectives which organizations need. Following sections describe about what is competitive advantage and how the organizations achieve competitive advantage using IS/IT with involvement of management roles. 6.2 Competitive Advantage As stated in 12manage.com web site, if a company probably able to make a profit in excess of its cost of capital, because it has achieved a competitive position which offers some of and edge over its potential rivals. To achieve such a competitive edge, it typically takes the formulation and execution of business strategy. To develop a competitive advantage, the company must possess value creating activities which cannot be duplicated by any other organization. According to Day and Wensley (cited in 12manage.com website 2010), mentioned that two sets of sources are there which involved in creating competitive advantage. Those two are categorized as superior skills and superior resources. As proposed by Porter (1985), that to gain the competitive advantage, the firm must be based on one of three generic strategies. Those are categorized as differentiation, cost leadership and the focus. The differentiation means that whatever the product should be different from other vendors and the cost leadership makes firm to produce the products in lower cost. This will help to increase the profit margins to the firm. Focus means that the firms must concentrate about the present market and need to identify where are they comparing to other vendors and finally based on the calculation they must perform better than other competitors using their skills and knowledge. In some other way Treacy and Wiersema (1995), proposed another popular generic framework for gaining competitive advantage. Within this framework, a firm typically will choose to emphasize one of three value disciplines: product leadership, operational excellence, and customer intimacy. Operational Excellence As suggested by Ward and Peppard (2002, p.112), Operational Excellence means enabling products and services to be obtained reliably, easily and cost-effective by customers. With this competency-based strategy it implies a business strategy which can do better improvement to the organization than other competitors and be able to deliver both cost-effective and reliable quality of customer contentment. Product Leadership Further to Ward and Peppard (2002, p.114), product leadership means continuing product innovation meeting customers needs. This strategy implies not only creativity in developing new products and enhancing existing ones, but also astute market knowledge to ensure that they sell. Customer Intimacy It has been argued (Ward and Peppard 2002, p.113), that the Customer Intimacy indicates targeting markets very precisely and tailoring products and services to the needs of particular customer groups. The purpose of here is not just to satisfy but to please customers by understanding their needs and meeting them on every occasion. This can be obviously being expensive but it can build long-term customer loyalty. However further to Porter (1985), he has define a frame work model call Five Forces diagram which capture the main idea of porters theory of competitive advantage. The five forces model defines the rules of any kind of competition in any industry. Further to Porter, these five forces determine industry profitability. Also the five forces frame work point out that what is most important and it helps organization to capture their targets for long-term advantage. The five competitive forces are typically shown in the following diagram 1.0; Diagram 1.0: Porters Five Forces Elements of Industry Structure Source: Porter, (1985), p.6 The collection of strength of the five forces can be varies from industry to industry. In the meantime the strength each of the five forces also can change. Further to Porter and Miller (1985), stated that information technology can alter the five forces to the industry attractiveness. The Five Forces framework highlights what is important and directs managers towards those aspects most important to long-term advantage of the organization. According to Porter (1985), has explained the Five Forces elements as follows; Bargaining Power of Suppliers The term suppliers comprises all sources for inputs that are needed in order to provide goods or services. There are several elements for Supplier bargaining power is likely to be high. The market is dominated by a few large suppliers rather than a fragmented source of supply, There are no substitutes for the particular input, The suppliers customers are fragmented, so their bargaining power is low, The switching costs from one supplier to another are high, There is the possibility of the supplier integrating forwards in order to obtain higher prices and margins. This threat is especially high when The buying industry has a higher profitability than the supplying industry, Forward integration provides economies of scale for the supplier, The product is undifferentiated and can be replaces by substitutes, Switching to an alternative product is relatively simple and is not related to high costs, Customers have low margins and are price sensitive, Customers could produce the product themselves, The product is not of strategically importance for the customer, Threat of New Entrants The competition in an industry will be the higher, the easier it is for other companies to enter this industry. In such a situation, new entrants could change major determinants of the market environment (e.g. market shares, prices, customer loyalty) at any time. There is always a latent pressure for reaction and adjustment for existing players in this industry. The threat of new entries will depend on the extent to which there are barriers to entry. These are typically Economies of scale (minimum size requirements for profitable operations), High initial investments and fixed costs, Cost advantages of existing players due to experience curve effects of operation with fully depreciated assets, Brand loyalty of customers Protected intellectual property like patents, licenses etc, Scarcity of important resources, e.g. qualified expert staff Access to raw materials is controlled by existing players, Distribution channels are controlled by existing players, Existing players have close customer relations, e.g. from long-term service contracts, The buying industry hinders the supplying industry in their development (e.g. reluctance to accept new releases of products), The buying industry has low barriers to entry. Bargaining Power of Customers Similarly, the bargaining power of customers determines how much customers can impose pressure on margins and volumes. Customers bargaining power is likely to be high when They buy large volumes, there is a concentration of buyers, The supplying industry comprises a large number of small operators The supplying industry operates with high fixed costs, High switching costs for customers Legislation and government action Threat of Substitutes A threat from substitutes exists if there are alternative products with lower prices of better performance parameters for the same purpose. They could potentially attract a significant proportion of market volume and hence reduce the potential sales volume for existing players. This category also relates to complementary products. Similarly to the threat of new entrants, the treat of substitutes is determined by factors like Brand loyalty of customers, Close customer relationships, Switching costs for customers, The relative price for performance of substitutes, Current trends. Competitive Rivalry between Existing Players This force describes the intensity of competition between existing players (companies) in an industry. High competitive pressure results in pressure on prices, margins, and hence, on profitability for every single company in the industry. Competition between existing players is likely to be high when There are many players of about the same size, Players have similar strategies There is not much differentiation between players and their products, hence, there is much price competition Low market growth rates (growth of a particular company is possible only at the expense of a competitor), Barriers for exit are high (e.g. expensive and highly specialized equipment). Above mentioned forces determine the intensity of competition and hence the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. At the primary level, firms create competitive advantage by perceiving or discovering new and better ways to compete in an industry and bringing them to market, which is ultimately an act of innovation. Innovations shift competitive advantage when rivals either fail to perceive the new way of competing to respond. There can be significant advantages to early movers responding to innovations, particularly in industries with significant economies of scale or when customers are more concerned about switching suppliers. Some of the typical causes of innovations which shift competitive advantage are categorised as follows: new technologies new or shifting buyer needs the emergence of a new industry segment shifting input costs or availability changes in government regulations Over the past two decades, researches have proposed several strategic frameworks to identify the IT applications that are likely to provide competitive advantage. It is important to identify the difference between IS, IT and information and the generic benefits of IS/IT as well. Therefor the following will discuss about the IS/IT strategies and how it beneficial for the business sector. 6.3 IS/IT Strategies It has been argued by Clarke (2001), p.115, that informations passes in-between individuals and groups with a given social environment. Information systems may identify as a system which supports and enable to pass within the specific environment. Distinguish between IS, IT and informations and the way its link with each other is showing in the following figure 1.1. Information Support Information Systems Enables Information Technology Figure: 1.1 The Nature of Information Technology, Information Systems and Information Source: Clarke (2001), p.116 There are several benefits which can be gained from IS/IT. According to Farbey et.al (cited in Ward and Danniel, 2006), stated that there are five elements included in the organizational structure. Following table 1.2 shows the five elements of and organization and its description. Organizational Structure Elements Description Strategic Includes people charged with overall responsibility for the organizations direction Management Includes middle managers who operate in order to transform the strategic vision into operational reality Operational Refers to people who perform work related directly to the production of products and services Functional Includes people who serve the organization by affecting others work Support Includes people who provide support for the organization outside the basic production of goods or services. These are often specialist in certain disciplines. Table: 1.2 The five elements of an organization Source: Ward and Daniel (2006), p. 7 However table 1.2 shows that there is significant numbers of benefits can apply to the management and to the organization which helps to gain the significant development. As argued by Ward and Daniel (2006), the strategic benefits are more involved in business organizations development and to develop a new business models where IS/IT play a main role. As stated by Ferbey et al. (cited in Ward and Daniel 2006), the term of management describe about the activities of middle management in an organization. These manager levels operate business unit levels and take decision making and also responsible for the development of their staff members. Further to Farbey et al. (cited in Ward and Daniel 2006), the operation benefits are classifieds in to goods and services which any firm provides. The main target is to get a worthy output which is differentiating from other vendors. While having a good operational benefits and giving it to the customers, the company can gain more benefits while ga ining competitive advantage. Also in functional and support benefits, it identifies certain activities which are support for the core activities which relate to company production of the goods and services. At the level of strategy implementation, the firms perform discrete activities conceiving new ways to conduct activities, employing new procedures, new technologies, or different inputs. As suggested by Porter (1980), the value chain is a systematic way of examining all the activities a firm performs and how they interact. It scrutinizes each of the activities of the firm (e.g. development, marketing, sales, operations, etc.) as a potential source of advantage. The value chain maps a firm into its strategically relevant activities in order to understand the behaviour of costs and the existing and potential sources of differentiation. All the activities in the value chain contribute to buyer value, and the cumulative costs in the chain will determine the difference between the buyer value and producer cost. A firm gains competitive advantage by performing these strategically important activities more cheaply or better than its competitors. One of the reasons the value chain framework is helpful is because it emphasizes that competitive advantage can come from anywhere along the value chain. It is important to understand that how a firm fits into the overall value system and it should include the value chains of its suppliers, channels, and buyers. Porter (1996) builds on his ideas of generic strategy and the value chain to describe about the strategy implementation in more detail. Competitive advantage requires that the firms value chain be managed as a system. Positioning choices determine not only which activities a company will perform and how it will configure individual activities, but also how they relate to one another. This is crucial, since the essence of implementing strategy is in the activities choosing to perform different activities than rivals. A firm is more than the sum of its activities. Further to Porter (1996), a firms value chain is an interdependent system or network of activities which has connected by linkages. Linkages create trade-offs requiring optimization and coordination. Porter (1986), has describes three choices of strategic position that influence the configuration of a firms activities: Variety-based positioning based on producing a subset of an industrys products or services; involves choice of product or service varieties rather than customer segments. Makes economic sense when a company can produce particular products or services using distinctive sets of activities. (i.e. Jiffy Lube for auto lubricants only) Needs-based positioning similar to traditional targeting of customer segments. Arises when there are groups of customers with differing needs, and when a tailored set of activities can serve those needs best. (i.e. Ikea to meet all the home furnishing needs of a certain segment of customers) Access-based positioning segmenting by customers who have the same needs, but the best configuration of activities to reach them is different. (i.e. Carmike Cinemas for theatres in small towns) Porters major contribution with activity mapping is to help explain how different strategies, or positions, can be implemented in practice. The key to successful implementation of strategy, he says, is in combining activities into a consistent fit with each other. A companys strategic position, then, is contained within a set of tailored activities designed to deliver it. The activities are tightly linked to each other, as shown by a 1.3 diagram of sorts. Fit locks out competitors by creating a chain that is as strong as its strongest link. If competitive advantage grows out of the entire system of activities, then competitors must match each activity to get the benefit of the whole system. Figure 1.3 Activity Map Source: Porter, Harvard Business Review (1996) Porter defines three types of fit: simple consistency first order fit between each activity and the overall strategy reinforcing second order fit in which distinct activities reinforce each other Optimization of effort coordination and information exchange across activities to eliminate redundancy and wasted effort. To manage all these IS/IT strategies within the organizations and to achieve the competitive advantage, the management roles are also playing a huge role within the organization. The following section will talk about the levels of Management roles and how it supports to gain the competitive advantage for the organization. 6.4 The Role of Management To achieve the competitive advantage, the Management levels also contribute hugely. Efficient IS/IT systems enables management to co-ordinate, organise and to control with a good plan. It gives information needed for strategic planning and for day to day operations. Therefore senior executives, strategic planners and information system managers are increasingly looking forward to get the use of IS/IT to achieve the competitive advantage. To prove this, there are several explanations in recent trends. Bakok and Treacy (1986), has identified that the underutilization of IS/IT as a serious problem for both IS/IT and for organization business managers. The main reason to narrow down to the IS/IT base competitive advantage are senior managements ignorance of IS/IT and its potential use and the poor communications among the groups who deals with IS/IT and the rest of the business teams. Also the resistance to change among both IS/IT and business personal and a lack of focus about the oppor tunities are some serious reasons which organizations are facing. According to White (2009), there are three different of management levels are included within the management hierarchy. These different levels are categorized as strategic, tactical and operational. According to scitation.aip.org web site, when in a strategic level, organisations must manage total demand whilst they acquire new infrastructure, technology or skills. At the tactical level the aim is align resources to enhance customer value in the most profitable way. Operational level, the management aims to provide reliable delivery performance within supply constraints. Getting the balance right between strategic, tactical and operational decisions will have any business powering ahead. According to Gerber (1995), strategic decisions play a biggest role in the business. Its decisions focus typically external to the business oriented and its decision making create forward thrust in the business. This strategic business will include the following points. What business are you in? What is your vision for the business? Whats your business identity? What do you stand for? Which direction is the business headed? How will the business compete? Also Gluck, Kaufman and Walleck (1982), have suggested that strategic management in most companies evolves along similar lines, by varying rates of progress from the basic financial up to overall strategic management framework. Also the strategic decisions force management to access the consequences of present decisions and do the changes as needed and to lead company to achieve it targets. The second major role is the tactical decisions. This involves the establishment of key initiatives of the overall strategy. Further to Gerber some examples we can take as, if organization decided to be the number one provider among the business competitors, then the organization must develop tactics such as implement a marketing system to achieve that outcome. This tactical decision is the domain of any business mission. Further to Gerber (1995), the next level is the operational decisions which determine how activities actually get done. This decision is mainly about who is going to do what and when. This will include the following terms: How will Organization spend their money this month? How will the company service that client? What is companies procedure for delivering an order? Who will be doing quality control? If an organization is making decisions involving process and procedures, then these can identified as an operational decisions. Specially operational decisions are made in real time and make quick adjustment to achieve the desired outcome. Also according to Abdi and Sharma (2007), stated that strategic and tactical management roles are playing huge role within the flight operation handling while using information systems. When we consider such an operation, there cant be any small mistake. Even a one wrong decision will lead to a huge problem in airline industry. Therefore it is very clear that the management decisions are very important when organization deals with IS/IT. As stated by Boseman, Phatak and Schellenberger (cited in Vardrajan Clark 2002), management roles are process with concerned with determining the future direction of an organization and implementing decisions based on the aim to achieve organization long and short term objectives. Within every firm the nature of control changes with the level of management. Top level management is mainly concerned about the issues which relate to strategic control. The lower level management is look after the operational issues. 7.0 Methodology The following sections present research methods that are using for this research project. 7.1 Selection of an appropriate research method(s) Following sections present a brief description of few research methods. Also this section explains the reasons to select those methods for this research project. 7.1.1 Description of Research Methods Case Study Research: According to researcher Yin (1984, p. 23), the Case study research method is defined as an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used. Also the case study includes observations, questionnaires. Also each organization has unique feature and mainly the Case studies are used to identify such features and to show how they affect the implementation of systems and how it influences the organizations. Action research: According Emroy (1980), mentioned that, like Action research methodology is mainly need to be flexible and adaptable due to disruption in the plan and may not meet the needs of everyone involved. Also it is not well known or accepted in computing and information systems. Survey Research: This method is used by the researchers when they want to gather data from some occurrence which is not possible to perform a direct observation. Experimental Research: When we consider the Experimental Method, it is mostly depend on the experiments on a new technique or approach and have to compare the results against those obtained using the generally accepted technique or approach. Therefor it seems this research method takes more time and the results will vary with each organization (Emroy 1980). 7.1.2 Proposed Research Method(s) for this study Matching the above mentioned attributes of the research methods with this research project, case study is the best research method that can be used. Primary and secondary data has to be used for this research project. Secondary data will be used get the theoretical aspects of role of management and

Three Stikes Law :: essays research papers

Is the â€Å"Three Strikes and You’re Out† law cruel and unusual punishment? The purpose of my research paper is to analize how the â€Å"Three Strikes Law† helps to support our Constitution or violates it. I will discuss where the law came from and why we have it. I will also write about the positive and negative aspects of the law as a whole. I hope to be able to analize the spirit of the law versus the letter of the law as it relates to this subject. â€Å"In 1994 California voters approved a ballot initiative known as "Three Strikes and You're Out." Basically what it means is that people who are convicted of three felonies may end up facing life in prison.† There are some limitations though on how this law is executed. Not any felony constitutes a strike. For the first and second strikes only serious and violent felonies can count as a strike. Also some juvinille crimes can count. For the third strike any felony can be the final blow. While for the first two strikes it takes crimes like rape, kiddnapping, and robbery; the third strike can be a crime as simple as carring brass knuckles. This law â€Å"was enacted in 1994 after Polly Klaas was kidnapped from a slumber party in her home and murderedby Richard Allen Davis, who had two prior kidnapping convictions. The jury recommended that Davis be sentenced to death, and the judge imposed that sentence.† â€Å"On March 7, 1994, Governor Wilson signed into law AB 971 (Ch 12/94, Jones) referred to as the Three Strikes and You're Out criminal sentencing measure. In November, the voters reaffirmed the measure by overwhelmingly approving Proposition 184, an initiative that is essentially identical to Chapter 12. The measure is the most significant change to the state criminal justice system in more than a generation.† Govenor Wilson passed this law as part of his goal to crack down on repeat offenders and dangerous felons. The case of Richard Allen Davis was the prime example of how the law could be effective.